Urinary tract infections (UTIs) carry a notable risk for individuals, and multiple factors contribute to their development. Here are some important aspects regarding the risk of UTIs: sex, urinary tract abnormalities, catheter use, weakened immune system, diabetes, age, prolonged urinary retention, and poor hygiene. This study included one-hundred specimens (urine and catheters) of UTI patients during the period from 1 January 2022 to 30 May 2022 from the Medical City Hospital and Ghazi AlHariri Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. From these clinical specimens, thirty isolates include 14 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 16 isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The isolates were diagnosed morphologically, microscopically, and biochemical tests, then the diagnosis was confirmed using the VITEK2 system. There are many methods for preparing nanoparticles but the safety, easy, and low-cost methods, Therefore, Pulse laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) it’s one of an important method distinguished by low cost, safety, and ease. Au NPs, Hydroxyapatite NPs, Au-Hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime and Au-Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime heterostructure have been prepared by PLAL as a colloidal solution. The characterization for nanoparticles confirms the internationality of materials, XRD results show the phase of Au NPs is cubic and crystallite size is (38.2, 44.6) nm according to energy (820) mJ, respectively. While the phase of Hydroxyapatite NPs is (25.3, 28.9, 32.9, and 40.4) nm according to energy (260) mJ, respectively. Transmitted electronic microscopic (TEM) is used to check the morphology of particles and also shows the particle size. The particle size of AuNP was 7nm, Hydroxyapatite NPs was 8nm, Au-Hydroxyapatite were 27nm and Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime-Au were 49nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) used to determine the surface morphology and particle size that shows AuNP was 30nm, Hydroxyapatite NPs was 36nm, Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime were 53nm and Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime-Au were 73nm. UV-Visible Spectroscopy is used to show the absorption peaks of Au 525nm, Hydroxyapatite 200nm, Cefuroxime 280nm, while, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to study the types of binding bonds of AuNPs were (N-H, C=C, C-H, C-O), Hydroxyapatite NPs were (O-H, CO32-, Po43-, HPO43-), Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime were (N-H, C≡C, C-O), AuHydroxyapatite (N-H, C=C, O-H), Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime-Au (N-H, C-O, S=O, CO-OCO, C-H). In this study, antioxidant activity, antibacterial, and anticancer activity have been studied. the result of Au-Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime heterostructure is more effective as an antioxidant than Au NPs and Hydroxyapatite NPs and Cefuroxime antibiotic as an individually. The biomedical applications in one of more important filed, therefore, the activity of Au NPs, Hydroxyapatite NPs, Cefuroxime antibiotic and Au-HydroxyapatiteCefuroxime as antibacterial appears large inhibition zones for Au-HydroxyapatiteCefuroxime against K. pnumoniae and S. saprophyticus, and also, it’s more effective than Au NPs and Hydroxyapatite NPs and Cefuroxime as an individually. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles against Prostate cancer cell line has been studied. was evaluated using MTT assay as well the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis. The results suggest that the nanoparticles can act against an anti-proliferative agent towards PC-3 cells induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8, and reduction of nuclear factor kappa B Translocation Pathway. The current work demonstrates the potential of an Au-hydroxyapatite composite for anticancer applications via the activation of apoptosis pathway through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Irregular menstrual periods, hair loss are, acne, excessive hair growth, decreased fertility, and obesity all symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), a complicated hormonal disorder. This study, involving 138 women, aimed to explore hormonal and enzyme changes in PCOS patients. The blood sample was obtained from PCOS patients and healthy women to assess cortisol, Vitamin D3 (Vit D3), dopamine, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), zinc, and interleukins IL-15, IL-22, and IL-37 levels. The results revealed significant differences between PCOS and control groups in LDH, cortisol, zinc, Vit D3, and dopamine levels. The study recorded an elevated LDH levels in PCOS when compared to control at P=0.0001, suggesting follicular developmental disorders. Additionally, lower levels of cortisol at P=0.0001, zinc at P=0.0001, Vit D3 at P=0.0001, and dopamine at P=0.0001 were observed in PCOS, indicating potential indicators for the condition. Notably, no significant correlation between cortisol and PCOS was found. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the immunological aspect, studying IL-15, IL-22, and IL-37. PCOS patients exhibited higher levels of IL-15 at p≤0.0001, IL -22 at p≤0.0001 and lower levels of IL-37 at p≤0.0001 as against the control gss age, BMI, and waist circumference. However, no significant correlations were found between IL-37 and clinical features of PCOS, indicating independence from these factors. Correlation analyses revealed relationships between interleukins and LDH, cortisol, zinc, dopamine, and each other. The study extended its focus to molecular aspect, exploring caspase 9 gene expression. Results showed no significant differences between PCOS and control groups. There were fold frequency differences. Notably, the fold mean of irregular menstrual cycle subgroups was significantly higher. Parameters like waist index and history of abortion showed significant associations with caspase 9 gene expression. Nevertheless, attempts to establish a diagnostic "cut-off value" for caspase 9 gene expression did not yield significant results. In conclusion, PCOS patients had higher serum LDH levels than controls, while cortisol, dopamine, zinc, and Vit D3 recorded a significant decrease in patients compared to control, the current result showed a significant impact of the immunological markers the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-15, and IL-22) which can be used as a new diagnostic method for PCOS. In addition to the apoptotic caspase-9. Which recorded a significant impact in aborted patients with PCOS. So, according to this result, we may conclude that modulated immune response may impact these patients' pathophysiological state and may consider a promising potential therapeutic marker. Also the study provider valuable insights into the multifaceted aspects of PCOS among Iraqi women.