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Recently, there has been a lot of interest in using of nanoparticulate materials to treat infectious disorders. Multidrug resistance organism (MDRO)-induced infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Determining the antibacterial and antibiofilm capability of chitosan-hyaluronic acid-nanoparticles (CS/HA/AgNPs) against clinical strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and fungi was the goal of the current study. The present study includes 139 clinical specimens (skin swabs) were obtained from individuals aged 1 to 59 years who were diagnosed with skin illnesses (acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and alopecia areata) based on symptoms. (66) male patients and (73) female patients were sampled at Al-Yarmok Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Ghazi Hariri Hospital, and Central Laboratories in Medical City in Baghdad, Iraq. The majority of patients had psoriasis (56.1%), followed by eczema (25.9%), acne (10.8%) alopecia areata (7.2%). Six various types of bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus 39.6%, Staphylococcus sciuri 19.4%, Enterococcus faecalis 18%, Enterococcus casseliflavus 10.8%, Staphylococcus warneri 8.6%, and Streptococcus thoraltensis 3.6%) were detected and classified using conventional and differential culture media as well as biochemical tests and Vitek II system. A grand total of 24 samples were acquired from individuals exhibiting symptoms of dermatophytes, which are superficial fungal infections. Microscopic inspection using KOH mounting and identified in culture were identified Candida guilliermondii (50%) and Candida ciferrii (50%). A wet chemical method was deployed to synthesis constrained of silver nanoparticles of a variety of sizes. Nanoparticles were characterization by measuring their physicochemical properties such as size, shape, FT-IR, zeta potential, UV-vis spectroscopic analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chitosan extract acting as potent reducing agents were successful in synthesising AgNPs, as validated by SEM, spectroscopic, zeta potential and FT-IR. The produced CS/HA/NPs were tested against the isolated skin infections for their antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-biofilm formation and anti-adhesion on the surfaces properties. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CS/HA/AgNPs at concentration 900µg/mL revealed the most potent antibacterial activity against S. warneri. However, the MIC and theoretical values at concentration of 900µg/mL indicate that CS/HA/NPs have the least antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. Furthermore, the CS/HA/AgNPs did not affect both S. aureus and S. lentus at concentration 500µg/mL. The rate of the anti-adhesion of the bacterial isolates on the plastic surfaces was shown that the lowest effect for CS/HA/AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg/mL against S. sciuri. However, the highest effect was shown at concentration of 100 µg/mL against S. thoraltensis. The highest effect was shown for CS/HA/AgNPs inhibited biofilm formation and rate of adhesion on the plastic surfaces at concentration of 350 µg/mL and 150 µg/mL, respectively against Candida guilliermondii and Candida ciferrii. In conclusion, the research findings show that biopolymer AgNPs have the potential to function as anti- antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-biofilm formation and anti-adhesion on the surfaces properties.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) induces localized inflammation in the gastric region and triggers a systemic humoral immune response. Significant correlations have been observed in adult research examining the potential link between HP infection and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the mean counts of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as interleukins levels, Transforming Growth Factor levels and complement components such as C3 and C4 levels. The optimal course of therapy should ideally be determined based on the results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. However, the implementation of this approach is not viable in many geographical areas. Consequently, therapy largely depends on the expertise of healthcare professionals and the specific cultural sensitivity profiles of each location. This study aimed to assess the correlation between immunological responses (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-33,IFN-β, and TGF-β) and HP infection, severity categorization, and pre- and post-treatment status with two distinct modalities. The research comprised groups as follows: teenagers aged 12–17 years, pregnant women aged 19-35 years, individuals with chronic diseases (diabetes and hypertension) aged 50-75 years, and youth patients aged 18-45 years, alongside healthy controls. These individuals were infected of HP. The study included a total of 120 patients who tested positive for HP and 120 patients who tested negative for HP. The eradication rate for H. pylori infection was satisfactory using second-line therapies. Standard 5-week sequential therapy seemed more effective (96%) than standard a week therapy (4%), especially if the strains were susceptible to clarithromycin, in relation to NLR and the values of neutrophils and lymphocytes (p > 0.05), as well as cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, INF-β) and complement components such as C3 and C4 (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, IL-10, IL-33, and TGF did not show a significant correlation (p > 0.05). The current study suggests the importance of these early markers of inflammation in determining the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation in HP-infected patients. The establishment of an effective strategy necessitates the generation of regional data pertaining to the success rates of various therapeutic approaches.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) carry a notable risk for individuals, and multiple factors contribute to their development. Here are some important aspects regarding the risk of UTIs: sex, urinary tract abnormalities, catheter use, weakened immune system, diabetes, age, prolonged urinary retention, and poor hygiene. This study included one-hundred specimens (urine and catheters) of UTI patients during the period from 1 January 2022 to 30 May 2022 from the Medical City Hospital and Ghazi AlHariri Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. From these clinical specimens, thirty isolates include 14 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 16 isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The isolates were diagnosed morphologically, microscopically, and biochemical tests, then the diagnosis was confirmed using the VITEK2 system. There are many methods for preparing nanoparticles but the safety, easy, and low-cost methods, Therefore, Pulse laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) it’s one of an important method distinguished by low cost, safety, and ease. Au NPs, Hydroxyapatite NPs, Au-Hydroxyapatite, Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime and Au-Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime heterostructure have been prepared by PLAL as a colloidal solution. The characterization for nanoparticles confirms the internationality of materials, XRD results show the phase of Au NPs is cubic and crystallite size is (38.2, 44.6) nm according to energy (820) mJ, respectively. While the phase of Hydroxyapatite NPs is (25.3, 28.9, 32.9, and 40.4) nm according to energy (260) mJ, respectively. Transmitted electronic microscopic (TEM) is used to check the morphology of particles and also shows the particle size. The particle size of AuNP was 7nm, Hydroxyapatite NPs was 8nm, Au-Hydroxyapatite were 27nm and Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime-Au were 49nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) used to determine the surface morphology and particle size that shows AuNP was 30nm, Hydroxyapatite NPs was 36nm, Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime were 53nm and Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime-Au were 73nm. UV-Visible Spectroscopy is used to show the absorption peaks of Au 525nm, Hydroxyapatite 200nm, Cefuroxime 280nm, while, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to study the types of binding bonds of AuNPs were (N-H, C=C, C-H, C-O), Hydroxyapatite NPs were (O-H, CO32-, Po43-, HPO43-), Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime were (N-H, C≡C, C-O), AuHydroxyapatite (N-H, C=C, O-H), Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime-Au (N-H, C-O, S=O, CO-OCO, C-H). In this study, antioxidant activity, antibacterial, and anticancer activity have been studied. the result of Au-Hydroxyapatite-Cefuroxime heterostructure is more effective as an antioxidant than Au NPs and Hydroxyapatite NPs and Cefuroxime antibiotic as an individually. The biomedical applications in one of more important filed, therefore, the activity of Au NPs, Hydroxyapatite NPs, Cefuroxime antibiotic and Au-HydroxyapatiteCefuroxime as antibacterial appears large inhibition zones for Au-HydroxyapatiteCefuroxime against K. pnumoniae and S. saprophyticus, and also, it’s more effective than Au NPs and Hydroxyapatite NPs and Cefuroxime as an individually. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles against Prostate cancer cell line has been studied. was evaluated using MTT assay as well the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis. The results suggest that the nanoparticles can act against an anti-proliferative agent towards PC-3 cells induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8, and reduction of nuclear factor kappa B Translocation Pathway. The current work demonstrates the potential of an Au-hydroxyapatite composite for anticancer applications via the activation of apoptosis pathway through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.