Iraqi petroleum, especially from the Al-Ahdab, has a big problem resulting from its high percentage of heavy metals, high sulfur content ,and low API(American Petroleum Institute) leading to low specification of products. Furthermore, its ability to accelerate distillation tower is of great concern to the petroleum industry and the environment. The object of this study is to obtain light crude petroleum by eliminating or reducing these elements and obtaining outcomes that are as close to the criteria as possible. By using a novel magnetic ceramic filter synthesized by combining kaolin is low-cost environmentally friendly, with a low sintering temperature and palm frond in a 30% ratio with Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles in a various weight ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). In this study, CNF (Cobalt-Nickel ferrite) nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel process. The effect of the nickel-substituted cobalt ferrite, heat treatment, and pH value was studied. After examining the microstructure, physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the CNF nanoparticles. Then, the specimen Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 prepared at pH = 9 and treated with 1100 °C has the optimum properties particularly magnetic properties. It was selected to prepare magnetic ceramic filter. In this research investigated the addition effect of Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles could change microstructure, physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the ceramic filters. The results show Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy a homogeneous grain, porosity and bond microstructure together by a finer matrix without internal defects. The addition of Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 in the ceramic filter may cause changes in the magnetic properties. The magnetization and coercivity increasing from (0. 0.215to 9.76emu/g) and (371.05 to1159.7Oe), respectively with increasing Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 content. The addition of CNF nanoparticles will decrease the porosity and water absorption, due to CNF nanoparticles used as filler that close some pores. While compressive strength and diametrical strength increasing with increase CNF nanoparticles. API gravity of crude petroleum increase reach 32% after treated with magnetic ceramic filter. While decrease Sulfur content, Carbon residue, Asphaltenes content reach 2.8, 5.83, and 2.67, respectively. Removal efficiencies of Ni, Si, V, Ca, Na,Cr, Mg, and Mn was determined 72.53%, 96.37%, 54.32%, 89.58%, 92.10%, 75.55%, 77.17%, and100%, respectively. Reuse studies concluded that the magnetic ceramic filter can be reused up to three cycles repeatedly. As a result, heavy oil has been converted to the lightest petroleum obtainable. These filters will also become more popular because of their low preparation costs, ease of preparation, high adsorption capacity, and easy recycling features.

Despite the remarkable and successful application of metallic orthopaedic surgery and bone replacement, there are main challenges of the long-term lively remains. Due to the poor osteoconductivity and dangers associated with surface corrosion and infections post-surgery, there is a related attention on improving the osteointegration of metallic implants with the surrounding tissues. In this study, bioactive nanocomposite coatings of bioceramics on metallic substrates (316L stainless steel substrates) were developed. Two methods of coating are adopted, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and thermal spraying, to find the most appropriate method in terms of coating properties, attachment to the substrate, and the lowest cost. The EPD deposition method was adopted for three reasons: lower cost, better attachment to the substrate, and more stability for hydroxyapatite. In the present work, the chitosan was used as the organic part, acting as the matrix of the coating and enabling the coating to attach to the metallic substrates. Different types of ceramic fillers were investigated for the inorganic phases of the coatings, which were hydroxyapatite (HA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The major goal was to develop suitable EPD technology and understand the properties of nanocomposite HA / TiO2 coatings concerning the TiO2 concentration, to produce coatings with: adequate (i) homogeneity, (ii) attachment to the substrate, (iii) roughness, (iv) wettability and morphology, (v) electrochemical behaviour, (vi) bioactivity, and (vi) degradation behaviour. Other properties, such as antibacterial activity, were also analyzed. Different approaches were studied: substrate surfaces with different roughness (320-grit SiC grind, 800-grit SiC grind, and sandblasted surfaces); also, different deposition parameters were used (concentration of powders, applied voltage, and deposition time). Taguchi's approach was used to select the optimum conditions for deposition coatings. These conditions were 3 g/L, 50 V, and 1 min. The SEM and AFM analyses of HA/TiO2 nanocomposite coatings show the variation in the morphology as a consequence of different TiO2 concentrations. This appears in the reduction in the porosity and surface roughness of the coatings due to the addition of TiO2. The wettability measurements showed that all the coating surfaces are hydrophilic, with contact angle values ranging from 48.42° to 69.43°. XRD and EDS were used to investigate the composition and structure of the deposited coatings. The results proved that EPD did not affect the composition of the coating. To evaluate the bioactivity and formation of natural hydroxyapatite, all the coated samples were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results confirmed that all coatings showed good bioactivity and that hydroxyapatite formed on their surfaces after being immersed in (SBF). The results also proved that all coatings imparted corrosion protection to the substrate when evaluated via potentiostatic polarization curves by immersion in SBF, but the coating with a 75% concentration of TiO2 showed the best corrosion protection and a lower corrosion rate. The diffusion method was used for the assessment of antibacterials against two types of bacteria; Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The samples exhibited good antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative type and excellent antibacterial activity against the positive type.

In the current investigation, pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique was used to create nanoparticles of (Au, Fe3O4, Fe3O4-Au, and Au-Fe3O4) in the deionized distilled water by Nd:YAG laser. Using techniques like UV-ViS, FT-IR, XRD analysis, zeta potential, Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence spectrum (PL). Characterization outcomes have successfully demonstrated the creation of (Au, Fe3O4, Fe3O4-Au, and Au-Fe3O4) NPs. The FTIR and XRD data confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs doped with Au and other NPs. The morphology of hybrid Fe3O4-Au NPs was observed to be agglomerated into semispherical nanostructure particles. The absorption and PL properties of the nanoparticles were found to vary with doping concentrations. Two gram-negative and two gram-positive bacteria have been exposed to antibacterial NPs activity. Using produced (Au, Fe3O4, Fe3O4-Au & Au-Fe3O4) NPs, gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was suppressed; the inhibition zone was about 35 and 45 mm at 100% concentration or stock concentration. The results of Au NPs revealed that the 1250 μg/mL have high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus, while Streptococcus have affected by all concentrations of Au NPs and Acenitobacter have been highly affected by (1000 and 1250) μg/mL. Fe3O4 NPs have shown higher activity against tested bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has shown higher inhibition zone diameter by increasing of NPs concentration, while the rest bacteria have much affected by Fe3O4 NPs. Additionally, bacterial activity was effectively inhibited by the hybrid NPs, which were found to be more effective against gram-negative and gram-positive strains, with a highly inhibited zone against Acinetobacter baumannii. Also, the inhibition zone increased with increasing doping concentrations of NPs. Our results for biofilm inhibition showed the antibacterial activity against all types of bacteria, depending on concentration of NPs, type of bacteria and their count.

In which, this system used to prepare WO3-thin films and improve them with decorating metallic nanoparticles (Plasmonic) by spraying ammonium tungstate (NH4)2WO4 solution on glass, quartz, and silicon substrates. This work includes two main parts: The first is to study the many factors influencing the preparation of these films to obtain the best conditions, that lead to the best results. Among the parameters that have been studied are the temperature of the substrate, the number of sprays cycle, and the molar concentration. Furthermore, it includes studying and analyzing of the crystal structural, electrical and optical properties of the films being prepared to reach the better parameters films preparation. As for the second part of the work, includes adding AgNPs to the films by immersing the preparedWO3 films in a silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution at different reaction times and obtaining the best reaction time for prepation the films. Then, the structural, electrical and optical characteristics of the films being prepared at the best immersion time were studied and analyzed. After that, a device based on WO3decoreated with Ag on Si substrate (Al/Ag-WO3/p-Si) was manufactured, and their properties were studied and compared with those of the reference device (Al/WO3/p-Si). The X-ray diffraction study revealed that the WO3 films were polycrystalline in the monoclinic phase. Additionally, it was found that the best growth occurred at the plane (200) under the parameters of a substrate temperature of 350°C, 12 sprays, and a molar concentration of 80 mM. The results of scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed a nanofiber network at the optimal substrate temperature with the interfiber distance value of 204 nm. Yet, at the best number of sprays the average crystal size was 65.25 nm and at the best molar concentration the average fiber width was 266 nm. Moreover, the atomic force microscope (AFM) also showed the average particle size and roughness rate at the operating parameters: the substrate temperature, the number of sprays, and the molar concentration. Its values were (88.71 nm), (6.13 nm), (82.63 nm), (5.32 nm), and (83.09 nm) and (27.46 nm), respectively. While the results of the optical properties showed that the energy gap of the WO3 films at the best conditions decreased from (3.30 eV) to (2.8 eV), the transmittance ratio increased when the substrate temperature was increased, and its value at the optimal substrate temperature was (52%). The results of the electrical properties also showed an increase in the electrical conductivity from (4.17 x 10-8 Ω-1.cm-1) to (2.73 x 10-7 Ω-1.cm- 1), and the values of activation energy were (0.22 eV) and (0.29 eV) at the optimum parameters. The WO3 films were decorated by the Plasmon effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) through the photo activation process for different chemical reaction times. Where as the best time was obtained at 35 sec and the optimal physical properties of the films (Ag- WO3) at this time, according to the Figure of Merit (FOM).Interestingly, as the optical energy gap decreased to 2.70 eV and the transmittance ratio decreased from 48% to 28%. While the electrical conductivity improved which its value was 3.44 X 10-7 -1cm-1 for (Ag-WO3) as compared to (2.73X 10-7 -1cm-1) for WO3 films. Furthermore, the ideality factor (n) as well as the barrier height (ФBp) was found to be lower when the device was decorated with AgNPs, with values of 3.0 and 0.86 eV, respectively. Whereas the ideality factor (n) as well as the barrier height (ФBp) values for the instrument when being pure were about (4.3) and (0.88 eV), respectively. As for the C-V characteristics of both types of devices, they are of the sharp type, and the built-in potential (Vbi) of the (Al/WO3/p-Si) devices was (0.7V) and the (Al/Ag-WO3/p-Si) device was (0.9V), as well as an improvement in the spectral responsivity of (Al/Ag-WO3/p-Si) at the wavelength of 425 nm, and its value was 0.31 A/W compared to the undecorated device (Al/WO3/p-Si) at a wavelength of 375 nm. As for the specific Detectivity of (Al/Ag-WO3/p-Si), its values at the wavelength of 425 nm were (1.32×1010Jone).

This work, presents various types of Si nanocrystallites samples with different morphologies of single morphology named pore, VA-Si nanopillars, HA-Si nanopillars, SiQDs and double folded morphologies (mud and pore), double folded (pore and VA-Si nanopillars), double folded (SiQDs and pores), and double sided were manufactured as an efficient bare and hybrid configuration an electrical sensor device. Laser- induced etching at different power densities ranging from 30 mW/cm2 to 500 mW/cm2 was employed to synthesis bare single and double folded Si nanocrystallites morphologies while double- sided parallel Si nanocrystallites layers were synthesized via double beam laser assisted etching pathway. The performance of fabricated nanocrystallites sensors of Al/Si nano/n c-Si/Al and Al/ Si nano/n c-Si/ Si nanocrystallites /Al and hybrid configurations of Al/AuNPs/Si nano/n c-Si/Al were investigated with various different types of pesticide and solvents and it displays linear responses behavior in the tested concentrations. An easy run, cost-effective and non-poisonous process was adopted to investigate the fabricated sensors using RLC circuit with impedance matching circuit. The fabricated sensors especially of hybrid configurations of pores like structures and double sided layer were realized much stable up to 40 days with minimum dropping rates of about 1.1*10-3 per day and 1.25*10-3 per day in ambient atmosphere respectively. The created sensors based on bare silicon nanocrystallites samples with pore, and structures show excellent features for sensing the pesticide, and it have been presented via using Chlorpyrifos and Difenoconazole pesticide as an analyte molecules. The sensitivity of the sensors of bare Si nanocrystallites substrates are 75%, 69%, 82% and 73%, pores (S1), double folded mud and pores (S2), double folded pores and vertical pillars(S3) and double sided (S4) structures respectively, and limit of detection (LOD) of about 0.075, 0.064, 0.05 and 0.06 ppm for pores, double folded mud and pores, double folded pores and vertical pillars, and double sided respectively, and it present that ultra-low concentration of these pesticides can be effectively sensed at room temperature. The incorporating of AuNPs on the Si nanocrystallites layer have significant effect in improving the sensitivity and decreasing LOD, this behavior is related with morphology of AuNPs and it sizes. Efficient improving can be achieved with low dimension AuNPs and partial covering the Si nanocrystallites layer. Fabricated Si nanocrystallites hybrid configuration sensors with gold nanoparticles based with pore, and double side structures show excellent features for sensing the pesticide. The sensitivity of the hybrid configuration substrates is 98% and 96.7% for the pore and double sided hybrid configuration sensors, and LOD of about 0.042 ppm and 0.008 ppm for pore- like structure and double sides like structures, and it present that ultralow concentration of these pesticides can be effectively sensed from solvents. The sensing mechanisms of impedance matching circuit with capacitive sensor (bare and hybrid configurations) and un external coil can be employed as much preferred candidate for cheap pathway detection in addition for the efficient detection of various types of pesticide in health and agriculture applications.

In the present work, preparation and characterization of heterojunctions (HJs) photodetectors with P-Au-LiNbO3 CS-NC/P-Si structure is demonstrated. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) and gold- Lithium niobate (Au-LiNbO3) core shell films and suspensions were synthesized using Q-switch pulsed laser (Nd: YAG) Ablation method with second harmonic generated wavelength and 200, 70 pulsed for preparation of LN and Au respectively. Lithium niobate and core-shell Au- LiNbO3 colloidales nanoparticles were synthesized at various laser fluence of 1.3 to 2.2 J/cm2 in water and ethanol separately. The optical properties are measured by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra increases as the laser increases for both types of liquid with the clear presence of a peak related to both LN and Au. Energy gap values prove the formation of a pure LN and hybrid Au-LiNbO3 core shell since it decreases from 4.5 to 3.5 eV after formation of the core shell. The photoluminescence result was examined at room temperature, where peaks intensity varies as laser fluences changes. PL peaks located for pure LN from 293-309 nm for de ionized water and ethanol samples respectively, while they shift to higher position for composite Au –LN samples. No significant shift within position for ethanol samples and minor shift for de ionized water samples. XRD analysis for LiNbO3 NPs exhibited that all samples are polycrystalline in nature with a hexagonal crystal structure for all samples. All peaks were assigned to LN material, while Au- LiNbO3 core shell evident the presence of LN and Au peaks indicating the formation of core-shell structure. Laser fluence and liquid type have an obvious effect on (104) plane for both LN and Au- LiNbO3 core shell samples. Raman spectrum confirms the formation of different transverse and longitudinal vibration modes of A (LO) and E (TO). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is clearly evident as Raman peaks intensity are enhanced after Au incorporation with LN. The synthesized LN and Au-LiNbO3 CS-NCs samples in deionized water and ethanol exhibit an increase in peak intensity as laser fluence increased. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images illustrate that both pure LN nanoparticles and Au- LiNbO3 have a spherical shape with an average particle size of 25 nm to 45 nm and particle size is greatly affected by laser fluence and liquid type. Shell thickness for de ionized samples estimated to decrease from 13 to 5 nm, while ethanol samples shell thickness increase then decrease. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) findings display the existence of aggregation and agglomeration and variation in particle size as both laser fluence and liquid type change. All samples exhibit dense semi-homogeneous films. The aggregation threshold and electrical potential between both the dispersed particle and the dispersion surroundings of LN and Au-LN CS-NCs suspension were examined using Zeta potential analysis. The result shows that laser fluence increased from 1.3-2.2 J/cm2 particle size, and this will change the aggregation threshold of particles. Eight P-Au-LiNbO3/P-Si heterojunctions photodetectors were fabricated by PLAL method at different laser fluence and solvent types. The performance of all of HJs were examined. P-Au-LN/P-Si HJs synthesis in ethanol and deionized water at 2. J/cm2 gives the best result of all other photodetectors. Responsivity for photodetectors prepared optimum laser fluence is about 0.52 A/W and 0.43 A/W for deionized water and ethanol respectively.

The importance of the interrelationship between electrical and mechanical properties arises in the possibility of estimating the value of some properties that cannot be determined by devices. The study aimed to find a functional relationship between these two characteristics. The soda lime glass specimens was adopted in this work, as it is a morphologically homogeneous and brittle material. Also, Unsaturated polyester (UPE) composite specimens were prepared by dispersed with nano-ceramics powders, with different weight percentages (1, 2, 3 and 4 wt%). Electrical tests carried out on the specimens are: Dielectric Strength at different rates of rising voltage (RRV), dielectric constant, dielectric loss, AC conductivity (at different frequencies) and electrical energy storage density. While the mechanical properties were represented three point bending teat (for glass specimens), and the Piston-on-Three-Ball Test for the composites. Electrical breakdown tests showed that an increase in the RRV leading to increase the electrical breakdown, and from this, the electrothermal breakdown at a low rate and electromechanical breakdown at a high rate were determined. Electrical breakdowns caused cracks to form around the breakdown point. The high Weibull modulus express the homogeneity of the specimens, and therefore can be adopted in the characterization of the single specimen by taking different points on the surface. This is different in the case of determining the Weibull modulus by mechanical tests, where a set of specimens is needed to achieve this purpose. In general, the Weibull modulus measured by the mechanical and electrical corresponds when using high RRV, especially 5 kV/s. the maximum Weibull modulus measured by the electrical breakdown were at high RRV, which are: 13.68, 34.58, 40.68 and 53.21 for Glass, UPE/SiO2, UPE/Al2O3 and UPE/WO3 respectively. While it was much lower in the case of mechanical strength, to reach 12 for glass and 5 for polyester and decreased by adding dispersed powders. The results shows that frequency can have an effect on electrical permittivity. Taken together, dielectric constant decreased with frequency in range (100 – 1000 kHz). The values of the dielectric constant were: 6.55, (4.2-3.6), (3.9-3.65), (3.5-3.9) for Glass, UPE/SiO2, UPE/Al2O3 and UPE/WO3 respectively. The relaxation state was obtained of glass at a frequency of 500 kHz, and the dielectric loss angle tangent value did not exceed 0.018. While the relaxation of the UPE composites group occurred at a frequency 300 kHz, and the loss values ranged between0.01 to 0.05. AC conductivity increased with frequency for all specimens. After obtaining the Young’s modulus, a mathematical model was used that relates the mechanical and electrical properties to find the true strain. This strain represents the amount of elongation that occurs as a result of the electric field and the corresponding mechanical strain. The true strain value is very low, and it decreased with the increase of the dispersed oxides. The true strain range is (32-8) ×10-7 upon electromechanical breakdown and (20-5.5) ×10-7 upon thermoelectric breakdown. The dielectric properties were linked together by a relationship representing the stored energy density. Its maximum value for glass was 17 kJ/m3 , while it ranged between (3.5-3.6) kJ/m3 for UPE composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showing the homogeneous distribution of the nano-ceramics powders within the polymeric matrix. Some pores were present in the structure of the composite caused fluctuating results in all electrical and mechanical tests.

Biomaterials made from chitosan have been discovered to be particularly unique marine polysaccharides (or polycarbohydrates) with a wide range of physico-chemical and biological characteristics suitable for biomedicine field. Attributable to chitosan holds net ionic positive charges which contribute its ability to chemically bind with negatively charged surfaces. A biodegradable blend of chitosan nanoparticles (CHT), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) hybridized with metals oxides nanopowders were prepared and used for wound healing application. The utilized oxides were titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). Morphology, structural, thermal and biological properties of the hybrids were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). In vitro/ in vivo studies of antibacterial and wound healing efficiencies for the prepared gels on injured mice skins were also investigated. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposites have performed against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). For CHT blend/ TiO2, FT-IR results of the three different amounts of nano metal oxide (0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) g integrated with chitosan blend showed that an active site for the adsorption of organic/ inorganic composites is assumed to be occurred. FESEM analyses delivered irregular nanostructured shapes with increasing the amount of the nano metal oxide. Their thermal properties have showed continuous decomposition at elevated temperatures around 700 °C with weight change percentages of 68.5%, 43.6%, and 55%, respectively. They have revealed desirable gram positive antibacterial products with a majority effectiveness for 0.04g TiO2 nanocomposite. They have exhibited desirable gram negative antibacterial effectiveness rather than that against gram positive bacteria. For the second hybrid doped with MgO nanopowder, FT-IR findings have presented an evidence of bonding occurrence between CHT blend with Mg+2 . The surface morphology of the three hybrids have displayed porous surfaces with many encapsulated features for MgO 0.04g and MgO 0.08g , while MgO 0.06g showed a semi-smooth surface with granular shapes instead. An obvious decrease in weight loss was detected in CHT blend/ MgO nanocomposite hydrogels with increasing quantity of the metal oxide nanopowder which is an indication of improving their thermal stability. The antibacterial investigations denoted that hybridization CHT blend with various weights of MgO nanopowder اhave not exhibited a significant antibacterial efficiency against gram negative strains as compared to gram positive strains. The third modification process was integrating CHT blend with variety masses of ZnO nanopowder (0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) g. FT-IR results indicated that nanometal oxide had chemically interacted with chitosan by bonding with (-O-C-) rather than being just a physical saturation into the polymeric matrix. Homogeneous and relatively smooth surfaces were detected by studying the morphology properties of the prepared gels due to appropriate compatibility and encapsulation ability of polymeric compounds with the added ZnO nanoparticles. It could be infered that the thermal stability of the prepared ZnO nanocomposites did not evidently affect by increasing ZnO quantity, to some extent, for the selected weights in this study. The achieved bacterial asseys clarified that the antibacterial efficacy of CHT blend has enhanced with extra amount of ZnO nanopowders for the both types of the above mentioned bacteria. The proposed application of this work is to create an attractive product for wound healing could be used for human health care. Consequently, dual/ triple-hybrid systems have been adopted by integrating TiO2/ MgO, TiO2/ ZnO, MgO/ ZnO, and TiO2/ MgO/ ZnO nanocomposites. Structural, morphological, and thermal properties of all these systems will be demonstrated. In addition to analyze their water absorption, antibacterial, and in vivo effects. Eventually, the wound contraction was accelerated by treating the injured skin with a ternary-hybrid system within a period of less than a week with no toxicity up to concentration of 011 µg/ml on WRL-68 cell line. All the parameters observed (presence of necrotic tissue, clotting and crust, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue growth) were affected; suggesting that chitosan and the metals oxides nanoparticles have a substantial efficiency in tissue regeneration. This is an indication to collagen maturation progress. Based on the results, the previously mentioned hybrid will be a promising nontoxic biomaterial for wound treatment application. The in vivo model revealed that the novel composite of CHT/ PVA/ PEG blend hybridized with the three different types of the suggested metals oxides have superior curing effect as compared to Fucidin ointment.

Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used for the construction of removable partial or complete dentures. This materials is frequently used because it has various advantages. In spite of its advantages, PMMA has several limitations, one of these disadvantages is its poor mechanical properties that causes denture base to break easily. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural sisal fibers, micro sisal powder and Nano sisal powder on the mechanical properties) and physical properties of denture base materials. The present study was design to make (560) specimens and divided into seven groups depended on the form and concentrations of reinforcing materials, the first group for control group (without additives) and other groups for sisal fibers, micro powder and Nano powder, each groups further subdivided into seven subgroups for the experimental test (impact strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, surface hardness, surface roughness, thermal conductivity and water sorption and solubility test) . Statistical analysis of data was performed using descriptive and interfacial statistics. Data was considered statistically significant at level of < 0.05. FTIR results showed a chemical changes have occurred after treatment. A new absorption band was developed after sialne treatment. Results showed a highly significant increase in impact strength of composite of PMMA/ sisal fibers as compared with control groups, yet there was no significant effect in impact strength of micro and Nano powder reinforced PMMA. Interestingly significant increase was observed in flexural strength for groups of micro and Nano powder reinforced PMMA groups, yet non-significant in flexural strength of specimens reinforced with sisal fibers. Clear increase was noticed in tensile strength mean values of all specimens reinforced with sisal fibers, micro powder and Nano powder as compared with control group. Reinforcement of PMMA with micro sisal powder result in increase in surface roughness and decrease in surface hardness. The incorporation of Nano sisal powder into resin result in decrease in surface hardness and surface roughness. The addition of sisal fibers into PMMA resulted in non-significant differences in surface properties. Thermal conductivity decreased at (5% and 10%) wt of sisal fibers. Non- significant effect in thermal conductivity of specimens reinforced with micro and Nano powder. A statistically highly increase in water sorption and solubility of all specimens reinforced with sisal fibers, micro powder and Nano powder.

Building materials and technologies in the world have evolved in line with the new requirements for construction, which have spread throughout the world to reduce damage to the environment and reduce energy consumption, and rely on renewable energy sources. This work was prepared at identifying the possibility of using Foamed concrete. The mechanical and physical properties of this concrete were investigated compared with normal concrete. Two types of foams were used to prepare the foam concrete to obtain high quality with target density was nearly 1600kg/m3. The standard samples were designed by employing two types of foaming agent (FA), the first one is commercially named (EABSSOC foam agent, FA) while the second is the foam of detergent liquid (D). The added foam percentage was (1 and 0.8) wt. % to fabricate the foam concrete. Glass fibers, silica fume were used as synthetic fillers with proportion 1, 3, 5 wt. % of cement. The using recycled materials such as glass powder; rubber waste was utilized as recycled fillers with different ratios. The amounts of rubber waste and glass powder used as additive in foam concrete were 1, 3, 5 wt. % of rubber waste and 1, 0.7 wt. % of glass powder. The 624 samples were prepared according to the standard specifications of each tests. The fresh tests included (flow test and setting time). Some mechanical and physical properties tests were performed including (compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, thermal conductivity, porosity, water absorption, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Acoustic Impedance (AI) and Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). All samples were cured in (water, air) for various durations included (7,14 and 28) days. The results showed that the perfect composition which involved 1wt. % of (D) gave higher values of the compressive and flexural strength (F.S), splitting tensile strength compared to the samples that involved 1,0.8wt. % of foam agent (FA). It is obvious that the addition of foam to the cement mortar paste imparts great characteristics as lightweight with flowability. The mechanical properties were decreased with increasing the percentage of foam agent (FA) and detergent (D) of the mixture design. Foam concrete reinforced with 1wt. %glass fiber Abstract II (GF), silica fume (SF), rubber waste (RW) and 0.7wt. % glass powder (GP) with 0.8wt% detergent (D) have the better compressive strength, flexural strength (F.S) and splitting tensile strength then that samples which contained the same percentage of reinforcement with 0.8wt. % foam agent(FA). The results showed that FA sample records the lower bulk density compared to the (D) sample. It is found that the best value of thermal insulation is equal (0.42668 W/m. ºC) for the sample contained 1wt.% FA and (0.4096 W/m. ºC) of 1wt.%FA+1wt.% glass powder(GP), while the sample of 0.8wt.%FA with enhancement 3wt.%glass fibers (GF) gave (0.5583 W/m. ºC) but the other additive 5wt.% silica fume (SF) recorded (0.60047W/m.ºC). The porosity was improved with decreased (FA) content and the increasing of addition of glass powder, glass fiber, rubber waste lead to decrease the porosity value, but it increases with increasing the content of glass fibers of 0.8wt.% (D) sample. The best ultrasonic pulse velocity and acoustic impedance values were obtained for the samples cured at 28days into air and water. It can be concluded for that the values of (UPV) (AI) increased with increasing FA to 1wt. % and also when the content of FA and D decreased to 0.8wt. % with reinforcement 1wt. % of GP, SF, RW and 1,5wt. % of GF. The foam concrete samples that contain 1,0.8 wt.% FA and after adding 1wt.%GP, GF, RW and 5wt.% SF have lowest values of water absorption than that contain of detergent sample. Hybrid reinforcement was prepared by mixing 1wt.% of GF and SF together and then it was added to each sample of 0.8wt.%FA and D respectively. It is noticed that the properties of hybrid (FA)concrete are lower than the properties of hybrid (D) concrete, but the first recorded better thermal insulation and the lowest water absorption values. Finally, the finding of this study is encouraging to use the reinforced foamed concrete with some additives and recycled waste for some applications such as thermal and acoustic insulation purposes, non-structural section, floor leveling and filling of voids.

Yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline/Alumina (3Y-TZP/Al2O3) - glass composite were prepared by adopting a new method (melt-infiltration process) to preparing ceramic composite bodies for technical and medical applications, most notably the dental industry such as crowns and bridges. First of all, two groups of cylindrical porous (Zirconia-Alumina) composite specimens were prepared using two weight percentages of nano alumina Additives (10 and 20 wt.%) through powder compaction method. A graphite powder (0,10,20,30 and 40 wt.%) was added as an additive to produce porous Alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ). The composite specimens were sintered in air at 1500 °C for 1:30 hrs. followed by glass infiltration method. Glass powder mixture was prepared by mixing 18%wt lithium hydroxide with 72 wt. % feldspar, and 10 wt.% Nano titanium dioxide. The glass slurry prepared from glass powder and water has been uniformly pasted by a brush on the surface of sintered porous alumina toughened zirconia specimen, then dried in oven at 50 ºC. Specimens then heated in an electric furnace in air at 1185 ºC for 2hrs. the melted glass infiltrated into the porous matrix by capillarity action. The glass application on specimens was repeated 5 times so that glass penetrated through higher amount of porosities. The total 10 ATZ specimens where tested before and after glass infiltration. The effect of porosity on Physical, mechanical, structural and surface properties have been investigated before glass infiltration. The results showed that porosity and water absorption increased while bulk density decreased with the increase of graphite additives. The Linear firing shrinkage of ATZ specimens was increased with decreasing porosity ranging from 11.2 to 19.16 % for 3Y-TZP/10 wt.% Al2O3 and from 8.12 to 16.2% for 3Y-TZP/20wt.% Al2O3 specimens. The elastic modulus and diametrical strength values decreased with increasing porosity, these values ranged from 141 to 24 GPa and from 50.3 to 7.1 MPa respectively for 3Y-TZP/Al2O3 while for 3Y-TZP/20 wt.% specimens these values ranged from 159.6 to 27.2 GPa and 74.7 to 8.7 MPa respectively. XRD test performed for structural analysis of ATZ Page | XIV specimens. It showed that as porosity increased the crystallite size.. AFM test was used to determine ,Grain size and roughness of ATZ specimens. The results showed increment in grain size and roughness with increasing porosity content, and decreament with increasing alumina additive. Another physical, mechanical and microstructural tested were performed after glass infiltrated into porous ATZ specimen .Linear firing shrinkage values have been calculated, it was found that shrinkage values ranged between (0.12-0.53)%. Young modulus and diametrical strength values also calculated. These values were (183-95GPa) and (57-24.3MPa) respectively for 3Y-TZP/10wt.% Al2O3 while it shows higher values for 3Y-TZP/20 wt.%Al2O3 (195-109 GPa) and (80.1-26.7 MPa) respectively. Microhardness indentation test was used to determine hardness and fracture toughness of ATZ-Glass specimens, the results showed that hardness value decreased with increasing in alumina additives. The fracture toughness also calculated from the parameters obtained by microhardness test, fracture toughness values wereranged from (0.53 to 1.03 MPa .m1/2) for 3Y-TZP/10 wt.% Al2O3 and it increased forTZP/10 wt.% Al2O3 s from (0.53-1.54) MPa . The enhancing of ATZ properties by infiltrating A lithium silicate glass into the structure of porous ATZ was demonstrated in this work. Glass infiltration led to the removal of surface defects andflaws, thereby improves the reliability of the specimen. the increment percentage of strength depends on porosity content in ATZ before infiltration. The advantage of adding glass through glass infiltration process summarized by obtaining materials distribution in low temperature below 1200 °C, with preserving the final structure without deformation.

The lithium metasilicate glass-ceramic Li2SiO3 was prepared from glass binary system Li2O-SiO2 with composition percentages 45 wt% Li2O and 55 wt% SiO2 which is a eutectic non-stoichiometric mixture. The preparation technology method of lithium metasilicate glass-ceramic was the powder method. The nano-frit was produced with melting – quenching method by melt the glass batch in the platinum crucible (90Pt – 10Rh) at 1195 OC for 2 hr. The glass melton was quenched in cold water at temperature 3OC and then the produced frit was milled by agate mortar. Once again, these steps were repeated for more homogeneity of the produced nano-frit. Four groups of glass-ceramic were prepared, in each group included five specimens. The weight for every specimen was 0.5 g with dimensions 10 diameter × 2.5 thickness mm formed by biaxial pressing at 5 ton pressure for 30 sec. The change in temperatures of the heat treatment as indicating 750, 800, 850, 900, and 950OC at constant time equal to 4 hr was studied in the GLS-C group. Also the change in time of the heat treatment as indicating 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hrs at constant temperature equal to 800OC was studied in the GLS-H group. These two groups were formed without any addition of the nucleating agents. Two types of nucleating agents were added to the nano-frit and studied their effects at constant temperature 800OC and time 4 hrs of the heat treatment. The changes in addition percentage of P2O5 as indicating 4, 7, 11, 14, and 18 wt% as the first type of nucleating agent were studied in the group GLSp. The second type of nucleating agent was a mixture of P2O5 and TiO2 with addition percentages in wt% as follows: 3 P2O5+ 1 TiO2, 5.25 P2O5+ 1.75 TiO2, 8.25 P2O5+ 2.75 TiO2, 10.5 P2O5+ 3.5 TiO2, and 13.5 P2O5+ 4.5 TiO2 were investigated in the group GLSpt. The investigations about the change effect on the four parameters mentioned above had been done such as XRD, AFM, FESEM, bulk density, volume shrinkage, and loss of ignition. Two software were used, one for structural analysis as abbreviated name EXPGUI within software system GASA used for refinement and calculate the percentages of crystalline phases and glass phase. The other was Image J 5.2i software used for calculation of mass fraction and density for the crystalline phases within the glass-ceramic. All the investigations appeared the crystalline phase's formation within the nano-frit. The best results were the highest value of the crystalline phase density (CPD) and a mass fraction (MF) equal to 910 No/mm2 and 11% respectively at a heat treatment temperature of 950OC. The highest value of the bulk density and volume shrinkage was 1.95 g/cm3 and 19.7% respectively also at a heat treatment temperature of 950OC. The lowest value of loss of ignition (LOI) was 13% at nucleating agent percentage 3% P2O5+1% TiO2 equal to 4%. The best parameters were obtained a desired quantity of the crystalline phases, bulk density, high volume shrinkage, and low LOI were temperature 950OC, time 6 hrs of the heat treatment, and nucleating agent percentage 3 wt% P2O5+1 wt% TiO2. Four glass-ceramic specimens were prepared according to the above best parameters and the same composition 45 wt% Li2O and 55 wt% SiO2. One with 0% CuO addition LSGC and the rest with 1 wt% LC1S, 2 wt% LC2S, and 3 wt% LC3S of CuO addition. The specimens formed compact discs with dimensions 18 diameter × 2.58 thickness mm by the same previous method. The breakdown voltage test was done executed at 10 different spots in each specimen and Weibull modulus was used to know the homogeneity of dielectric strength property. It got a good match between Weibull modulus results and FESEM images which indicating that Weibull modulus is the active tool that can be used for knowing the homogeneity of any property. The high average dielectric strength is 9.116 kV/mm for LC1S while the lowest average dielectric strength is 7.101 kV/mm for LSGC. The high value of Weibull modulus is 9.0792 for LC2S which means good homogeneity for the dielectric strength while the lowest Weibull modulus value is 4.0932 (lower homogeneity) for LSGC.

The present work aimed to study the chemical crosslinking effect by using glutaraldehyde (GA) at various weight ratios (5, 8, and 10) % on the biological, mechanical, thermal, structural, and physical properties of polyvinyl alcohol/starch (PVA/St) blends, poly(vinyl alcohol)/ poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA/PEG) blends, and (PVA/St/PEG) blend films. PVA/St, and PVA/PEG blends at different ratios (25, 30, 35, 40, and 50) wt % of St and PEG as well as PVA/St/PEG ternary blend at (12.5/12.5) wt% of St/PEG were prepared by conventional solvent casting technique. The results of mechanical properties verified a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength with St and PEG ratios increase. The highest tensile strength was (28.2 MPa) for (PVA/ 25 wt% St), (20.95 MPa) for (PVA/25 wt% PEG), and (32.87 MPa) for (PVA/St/PEG), also with increasing GA from (5) to (10) %, the value of tensile strength of crosslinked (PVA/25% St) blends, (PVA/25% PEG) blends, and ternary blends increased from (33-41.19 MPa), (26.66-35.15 MPa), and (38-42.5MPa) respectively compared to PVA and its blend before crosslinking, while the elongation at break % decreased for all blends before and after crosslinking. FTIR results proved that the possibility of PVA and starch, as well as PVA and PEG, can interact physically with one another and formation of H-bond in the films which may increase the compatibility of the components. Also, it showed a chemical cross-linking reaction that happens between (PVA/St) blend and glutaraldehyde. DSC results demonstrated that PVA had glass transition temperature Tg (83oC), and a sharp maximum endothermic peak at (224oC) due to a melting transition (Tm), while starch had Tg (85 oC) and Tm (130 oC), also PEG had Tg (52 oC) and Tm (172 oC). One Tg value was found for PVA, St, PEG, (25, and 30) wt% of St blends, and (25, and 30) wt% of PEG blends owing to a good blend miscibility whereas, two Tg values were found for (35,40,50) wt% St, (35, 40, 50) wt% PEG and ternary blend owing to blend immiscibility. Also, it elucidated an increase in Tg, and reduction in Tm of (PVA/St) blends but a decrease in Tg, and a reduction in Tm of (PVA/PEG) blends as compared to the pure PVA. Abstract In thermogravimetric analysis "TGA", the weight loss happened in three stages of all blends, while in starch and 50 wt% PEG, it occurred in two stages and one stage in PEG. The water absorption outcomes proved that there was an increase in swelling ratios with increasing starch and PEG ratio as a function of time. The lowest swelling ratio was for PVA, whereas the PVA/St (50/50 wt/wt %) and PVA/PEG (50/50 wt/wt %) had the highest values. The swelling behavior of the crosslinked polymer blends samples was investigated in several media, including neutral, acidic, and alkaline (pH7.3, pH2 and pH5.5, and PH8), as well as distilled water. The swelling ratio of the crosslinked polymer blends increased with the pH buffers increase as (pH8 > pH7.3 > distilled water> pH5.5> pH2), and the water absorption of all blends decreased with increasing GA concentration because of an increase in crosslinking in the polymers blends. The rate of the release of drug in pH7 was more than that of pH2. FESEM results indicated that the (PVA/25 wt% St) blend and (PVA/25 wt% PEG) blend had a nearly homogeneous and smooth surface with some voids and with no signs of phase separation. The (PVA/25 wt% St) blend+10 %GA and (PVA/ 25 wt% PEG) blend+10% GA samples offered less homogeneity with one another, and an apparent phase separation took place. The PVA/St/PEG ternary blend image manifested that non-uniform surface and there some aggregates of St and PEG in the PVA matrix. While, many irregular aggregates were detected on the surface of the (PVA/St/PEG) blend +10% GA sample. It can be observed from the phase structures of (PVA/25wt % PEG) blend with 10% GA and 150 mg of Erythromycin drug that there is a much lesser agglomeration of PEG particles and also a very little formation of voids due to the drug. Cytoxicity test results evinced that there are good viability percentages; therefore there is no toxic effect of blends on the WRL 68 cells. The current study proved that the prepared crosslinked samples (PVA/25%St, and PVA/25% PEG blends) could be used for drug delivery applications.

In this study, the synthesizes and characteristics of PbI2 /Si at different substrate Temperatures and laser fluences were presented. These layers were synthesized using Second-harmonic generation (SHG) Q-switched Nd:YAG laser system of λ=532nm, pulse duration of 7ns and pulse repetition frequency PRF of 6Hz with constant vacuum pressure 10-3 Torr . The PbI2 thin films were synthesized at different substrate temperatures from (25-100) °C at a constant laser fluence 3.9 J/cm2, Structural characteristics was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) results showed that PbI2 thin films deposited at Ts = 25, 45 and 65°C were polycrystalline in nature and have (001)-oriented PbI2 hexagonal structure (2H-polytype), while the film deposited at 100°C was amorphous. The PbI2 thin films were synthesized at different laser fluence (3.9-5.1) J/cm2 with constant substrate Temperature 45°C, XRD results illustrate that the grown PbI2 films are polycrystalline and the film crystallinity degraded with increasing the laser fluence. Morphological investigations were carried out using (SEM). SEM images of the thin film deposited showed that the particle size decreases with increasing laser fluence. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) findings confirmed the presence of Pb and I elements and the best stoichiometry was observed for a film deposited at 45°C with laser fluence 3.9 J/cm2. Morphological investigations were carried out using (AFM). Results of prepared PbI2 thin films showed that the grains and root mean square were increased with increasing substrate Temperature from (25-45) °C, and then decrease when substrate Temperature reaches to 65°C. The grains and root mean square were increased with increase laser fluence. Raman spectra of PbI2 films showed that all peaks belonged to PbI2 and the Raman intensity was found to be substrate Temperature dependent. The optical transmittance increases with increasing substrate Temperature and decreases with increasing laser fluence, the optical energy gap of the prepared films decreased from 2.7 to 2.2eV and increase with increasing laser fluence . The electrical properties show that the deposited PbI2 films are p-type. The I-V characteristics in dark are depended on preparation condition and the best condition was at 45°C with laser fluence 3.9J/cm2 for PbI2 thin film. The photoresponse characteristics results of the P-PbI2/n-Si photodetector showed that the maximum responsivity and specific detectivity were ~ 408 mA/W and 20.4*1012cm. Hz1/2W−1 at 610 nm at 45°C ,respectively. And a red shift in the peak response of the photodetector was noticed when the substrate Temperature increased to 100°C. The value of spectral responsivity and detectivity was found decrease, after increase laser fluence to (5.1) J/cm2 .C-V measurements of all prepared samples showed that all the HJs were abrupt junction type. Influence of applied magnetic field with value (0.04T) on PbI2 nanostructure films was studied and led to the improvement of structural and morphological properties of P-PbI2/n-Si. The photoresponse characteristics results of the photodetector showed that the maximum responsivity and specific detectivity were ~ 630 mA/W and 63*1012cm. Hz1/2W−1at 610 nm , respectively at 45°C . The effect of Ag doping concentration on PbI2 nanostructure films were studied. The photoresponse of the P-PbI2: Ag/n-Si photodetector results revealed the existence of three peaks located at 400nm, 610 and 860nm. The photodetector doped with Ag of 1wt% concentration exhibited the maximum specific detectivity. The influence of addition MgO film as buffer layer between nanostructured PbI2 and Si substrate was studied and led to reduce value of mismatch lattice constant between the PbI2 and S which was affecting the figures of merit of the PbI2/Si photodetector. Minority carrier life time (MCLT) measurements of all samples HJs photodetectors were strongly depended on preparation conditions.

In this work, Nb2O5 thin film was successfully synthesized by a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal method. The Influence of various operating parameters such as initial niobium concentration (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15)g, location and time of hydrothermal reaction were considered to optimize the process conditions. The Nb2O5 films were evaluated on respecting to electrical, optical and structural properties. The characterization techniques used were UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, Atomic force microscope, Scanning electron microscope, and Photoluminescence. The XRD analysis ensured that the thin films consist of Nb2O5 with orthorhombic structure at the (-402) direction. The crystalline size increases with concentration from 41.82 nm to 43.8 nm. This leads to a decrease in the optical energy band gaps from (3.3 to 2.9) eV. Highly oriented niobium pentoxide Nb2O5 nanoflake-like morphology films could be obtained at a concentration of 0.1g. The effect of substrate position and deposition angle on the X-ray diffraction results confirms the formation of polycrystalline Nb2O5 rods. The direct optical energy gaps at the different deposition geometries found to increase from (2.9 to 3.2)eV. Three different surface morphologies were obtained include flake like, rode like and spring like nanostructure using three different sample holder geometry. A high-quality spring and flake like nanostructure could be obtained with 87- 99 % material stoichiometry. The XRD also aided the study of the effect of deposition time from (12 to 168)h on crystallinity, grain size, dislocation and strain. Highly crystalline structure with minimum dislocation density (δ) and strain could be produced at a specific deposition time of 72h. The SEM results revealed nanoflake diameters of (31-91)nm with the length of several microns. Thevalue of the energy gap estimated from the optical absorption showed a reduction from (4.2 to 3.05)eV. The absorbance of the films increases with the deposition time as it is associated with the decrease in surface roughness. The roughness and root mean square decrease with increasing deposition time. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Nb2O5 thin film gave emission peaks at (382, 397, 416, 410 and 408)nm. Charge carrier concentration and Hall mobility and as electrical properties were measured the resistivity was found to inversely relate to deposition time (hydrothermal reaction increased). The relative increase in the mobility and charge carrier concentration of Nb2O5 thin film could be observed when the deposition time is increased beyond 72 h. the estimated figures of merit revealed that optimum deposition time is was 72h. To demonstrate the effect of Ag nanoparticles incorporation on the Nb2O5 host material properties, the preparation of Ag @ Nb2O5/Si and Nb2O5/Si heterojunctions device was constructed. The photo and dark current beside capacitance –voltage characteristics were investigated and analyzed. The photodetector showed good stability and high responsivity in the UV and NIR region at 420 and 780 nm respectively. The maximum value of detectivity was obtained at (420 and 780)nm for Ag@Nb2O5/Si photodetector. The maximum values of quantum efficiency were about 78% for Ag@ Nb2O5/Si photodetector.