Iraqi petroleum, especially from the Al-Ahdab, has a big problem resulting from its high percentage of heavy metals, high sulfur content ,and low API(American Petroleum Institute) leading to low specification of products. Furthermore, its ability to accelerate distillation tower is of great concern to the petroleum industry and the environment. The object of this study is to obtain light crude petroleum by eliminating or reducing these elements and obtaining outcomes that are as close to the criteria as possible. By using a novel magnetic ceramic filter synthesized by combining kaolin is low-cost environmentally friendly, with a low sintering temperature and palm frond in a 30% ratio with Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles in a various weight ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). In this study, CNF (Cobalt-Nickel ferrite) nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel process. The effect of the nickel-substituted cobalt ferrite, heat treatment, and pH value was studied. After examining the microstructure, physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the CNF nanoparticles. Then, the specimen Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 prepared at pH = 9 and treated with 1100 °C has the optimum properties particularly magnetic properties. It was selected to prepare magnetic ceramic filter. In this research investigated the addition effect of Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles could change microstructure, physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the ceramic filters. The results show Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy a homogeneous grain, porosity and bond microstructure together by a finer matrix without internal defects. The addition of Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 in the ceramic filter may cause changes in the magnetic properties. The magnetization and coercivity increasing from (0. 0.215to 9.76emu/g) and (371.05 to1159.7Oe), respectively with increasing Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 content. The addition of CNF nanoparticles will decrease the porosity and water absorption, due to CNF nanoparticles used as filler that close some pores. While compressive strength and diametrical strength increasing with increase CNF nanoparticles. API gravity of crude petroleum increase reach 32% after treated with magnetic ceramic filter. While decrease Sulfur content, Carbon residue, Asphaltenes content reach 2.8, 5.83, and 2.67, respectively. Removal efficiencies of Ni, Si, V, Ca, Na,Cr, Mg, and Mn was determined 72.53%, 96.37%, 54.32%, 89.58%, 92.10%, 75.55%, 77.17%, and100%, respectively. Reuse studies concluded that the magnetic ceramic filter can be reused up to three cycles repeatedly. As a result, heavy oil has been converted to the lightest petroleum obtainable. These filters will also become more popular because of their low preparation costs, ease of preparation, high adsorption capacity, and easy recycling features.

Despite the remarkable and successful application of metallic orthopaedic surgery and bone replacement, there are main challenges of the long-term lively remains. Due to the poor osteoconductivity and dangers associated with surface corrosion and infections post-surgery, there is a related attention on improving the osteointegration of metallic implants with the surrounding tissues. In this study, bioactive nanocomposite coatings of bioceramics on metallic substrates (316L stainless steel substrates) were developed. Two methods of coating are adopted, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and thermal spraying, to find the most appropriate method in terms of coating properties, attachment to the substrate, and the lowest cost. The EPD deposition method was adopted for three reasons: lower cost, better attachment to the substrate, and more stability for hydroxyapatite. In the present work, the chitosan was used as the organic part, acting as the matrix of the coating and enabling the coating to attach to the metallic substrates. Different types of ceramic fillers were investigated for the inorganic phases of the coatings, which were hydroxyapatite (HA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The major goal was to develop suitable EPD technology and understand the properties of nanocomposite HA / TiO2 coatings concerning the TiO2 concentration, to produce coatings with: adequate (i) homogeneity, (ii) attachment to the substrate, (iii) roughness, (iv) wettability and morphology, (v) electrochemical behaviour, (vi) bioactivity, and (vi) degradation behaviour. Other properties, such as antibacterial activity, were also analyzed. Different approaches were studied: substrate surfaces with different roughness (320-grit SiC grind, 800-grit SiC grind, and sandblasted surfaces); also, different deposition parameters were used (concentration of powders, applied voltage, and deposition time). Taguchi's approach was used to select the optimum conditions for deposition coatings. These conditions were 3 g/L, 50 V, and 1 min. The SEM and AFM analyses of HA/TiO2 nanocomposite coatings show the variation in the morphology as a consequence of different TiO2 concentrations. This appears in the reduction in the porosity and surface roughness of the coatings due to the addition of TiO2. The wettability measurements showed that all the coating surfaces are hydrophilic, with contact angle values ranging from 48.42° to 69.43°. XRD and EDS were used to investigate the composition and structure of the deposited coatings. The results proved that EPD did not affect the composition of the coating. To evaluate the bioactivity and formation of natural hydroxyapatite, all the coated samples were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results confirmed that all coatings showed good bioactivity and that hydroxyapatite formed on their surfaces after being immersed in (SBF). The results also proved that all coatings imparted corrosion protection to the substrate when evaluated via potentiostatic polarization curves by immersion in SBF, but the coating with a 75% concentration of TiO2 showed the best corrosion protection and a lower corrosion rate. The diffusion method was used for the assessment of antibacterials against two types of bacteria; Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The samples exhibited good antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative type and excellent antibacterial activity against the positive type.

The importance of the interrelationship between electrical and mechanical properties arises in the possibility of estimating the value of some properties that cannot be determined by devices. The study aimed to find a functional relationship between these two characteristics. The soda lime glass specimens was adopted in this work, as it is a morphologically homogeneous and brittle material. Also, Unsaturated polyester (UPE) composite specimens were prepared by dispersed with nano-ceramics powders, with different weight percentages (1, 2, 3 and 4 wt%). Electrical tests carried out on the specimens are: Dielectric Strength at different rates of rising voltage (RRV), dielectric constant, dielectric loss, AC conductivity (at different frequencies) and electrical energy storage density. While the mechanical properties were represented three point bending teat (for glass specimens), and the Piston-on-Three-Ball Test for the composites. Electrical breakdown tests showed that an increase in the RRV leading to increase the electrical breakdown, and from this, the electrothermal breakdown at a low rate and electromechanical breakdown at a high rate were determined. Electrical breakdowns caused cracks to form around the breakdown point. The high Weibull modulus express the homogeneity of the specimens, and therefore can be adopted in the characterization of the single specimen by taking different points on the surface. This is different in the case of determining the Weibull modulus by mechanical tests, where a set of specimens is needed to achieve this purpose. In general, the Weibull modulus measured by the mechanical and electrical corresponds when using high RRV, especially 5 kV/s. the maximum Weibull modulus measured by the electrical breakdown were at high RRV, which are: 13.68, 34.58, 40.68 and 53.21 for Glass, UPE/SiO2, UPE/Al2O3 and UPE/WO3 respectively. While it was much lower in the case of mechanical strength, to reach 12 for glass and 5 for polyester and decreased by adding dispersed powders. The results shows that frequency can have an effect on electrical permittivity. Taken together, dielectric constant decreased with frequency in range (100 – 1000 kHz). The values of the dielectric constant were: 6.55, (4.2-3.6), (3.9-3.65), (3.5-3.9) for Glass, UPE/SiO2, UPE/Al2O3 and UPE/WO3 respectively. The relaxation state was obtained of glass at a frequency of 500 kHz, and the dielectric loss angle tangent value did not exceed 0.018. While the relaxation of the UPE composites group occurred at a frequency 300 kHz, and the loss values ranged between0.01 to 0.05. AC conductivity increased with frequency for all specimens. After obtaining the Young’s modulus, a mathematical model was used that relates the mechanical and electrical properties to find the true strain. This strain represents the amount of elongation that occurs as a result of the electric field and the corresponding mechanical strain. The true strain value is very low, and it decreased with the increase of the dispersed oxides. The true strain range is (32-8) ×10-7 upon electromechanical breakdown and (20-5.5) ×10-7 upon thermoelectric breakdown. The dielectric properties were linked together by a relationship representing the stored energy density. Its maximum value for glass was 17 kJ/m3 , while it ranged between (3.5-3.6) kJ/m3 for UPE composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showing the homogeneous distribution of the nano-ceramics powders within the polymeric matrix. Some pores were present in the structure of the composite caused fluctuating results in all electrical and mechanical tests.

In this study, the appropriate concrete mix design was determined after several trial mixes, and then the optimum dose of the mineral additive meta-kaolin was determined. Finally, the bonding forces between this lightweight pozzolanic concrete and three types of water-soluble polymers were studied, namely polyacrylamide PAA, polyvinyl alcohol PVA and polyethylene glycol PEG, with different substitution by weigh of the cement to determine the optimum dosage of these polymers and to determine which of them are better in terms of mechanical and physical properties. The tests were carried out on the fresh and hardened concrete to study the physical and mechanical properties. The tests of the soft concrete were the precipitation test and the fresh density test. As for the tests conducted on the hardened lightweight concrete, they were the compressive test, split strength test, dry density test, water absorption test, and thermal conductivity test to determine the quality of thermal insulation and finally microscopic examination using a scanning electron microscope SEM. The practical study was conducted in three stages. The first stage was to determine the appropriate mixture to be a reference mixture, then to estimate the optimal ratio of the mineral additive meta kaolin as cement weight percentage. Finally to study the effect of the polymer on the mixture containing the mineral additive as partial replacement of the cement. Polymers were used in varying proportions and each according to the degree of polymerization of the polymer and its physical and chemical properties, the suggested proportions of the PAA polymer were 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03% of the weight of the cement, while the proportions of the PVA polymer were 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% of the weight of the cement, while the percentage of the PEG polymer was 1%, 2%, 3% of the cement weight. The practical results showed that it is possible to produce lightweight structural concrete from lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) coarse aggregate with a compressive strength, splitting tensile strength of (14.7, 18.2, 21.1, 21.6 MPa), (1.6, 2.1, 2.4, and 2.5MPa) respectively at 7, 28,56 and 90 days without any additives as self-curing treatment by weight ratio (1:1.6:0.75) of cement, natural fine aggregate and LECA as coarse aggregate respectively. The practical results also showed that the addition of the mineral additive improved the properties of lightweight concrete. So the optimum ratio of the additive was 10% by weight of the cement, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength showed an increase of (27.2 %, 22.5%, 17.5%, 17.2%), (25.0%, 23.8%, 20.8%, 20.0%) respectively, compared with the reference mixture at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days by self-treatment method. . It was also found that self-curing has better results than water curing. The experimental results showed that the optimum percentage of the polymer PAA is 0.02% of cement weight, where the values of the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength when adding the polymer (14.4, 17.9, 25.2, 25.9MPa), (1.8, 2.8, 3.1, 3.3MPa) respectively at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days as self-curing treatment. While the optimal percentage of PVA polymer was 0.2% by weight of cement, where the values of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength when adding the polymer (15.7, 20.5, 27.1, 27.8MPa), (1.9, 3.0, 3.3, 3.4 MPa) respectively at 7, 28, 56 and 90 day as self-curing treatment. As for the PEG polymer, the optimum percentage was 2% by weight of cement, where the values of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength when adding the polymer (16.8, 21.9, 25.9, 26.6 MPa), (1.9, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4) respectively at 7, 28, 56 and 90 day as self-curing treatment.

Cellulose acetate based nanocomposites were prepared for bio-packaging application. The present study used casting method to prepare composite films. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were added to cellulose acetate at different weight ratios (1,1.5, 2,2.5 and 3) wt%. According to mechanical properties; (2% TiO2-CA) was selected to reinforced with (Ag and ZnO) nanoparticles at different weight ratios (1.5, 2 and 2.5) wt%. The results proved the enhancement in the tensile strength at (2% TiO2-CA) (81.73 MPa), at (1.5% Ag-2%TiO2-CA) (73.75 MPa), and at (1.5% ZnO-2%TiO2-CA) (49.09 MPa). Therefore, more than that weight ratios the tensile strength was decreased due to some degrees of agglomeration of filler particles above a critical content. Field emissions scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was prepared composite films. The wettability of the films was also determined by the sessile drop method. It was seen that the contact angle of (CA) was (61.3°), which increased by (TiO2, TiO2-Ag, TiO2-ZnO) nanoparticle addition to (65°), (70.2°) and (70.6°), respectively. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was examined; it was clear the enhancement by (Ag, ZnO) nanoparticles. The toxity of envolved material (CA, CA-TiO2, Ag-TiO2-CA and ZnO-TiO2-CA) was measured. The results exhibited good viability percentages (higher than 90 %). Weathering effect (UV, Rain and Heat) was studied. It was found that tensile strength and thermal conductivity decreased with exposure time. The diffusion factors for the samples envolved showed low value of the order (10-11 and 10-12) by different solution. Diffusion coefficients for the composite film show the following order: diffuse in (HCl) < diffuse in (NaOH) < diffuse in (water). The enhanced wettability, antibacterial activity, toxitiy, weathering effect and diffusion of the prepared films suggest that they could be used for packaging applications.

Biomaterials made from chitosan have been discovered to be particularly unique marine polysaccharides (or polycarbohydrates) with a wide range of physico-chemical and biological characteristics suitable for biomedicine field. Attributable to chitosan holds net ionic positive charges which contribute its ability to chemically bind with negatively charged surfaces. A biodegradable blend of chitosan nanoparticles (CHT), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) hybridized with metals oxides nanopowders were prepared and used for wound healing application. The utilized oxides were titanium dioxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). Morphology, structural, thermal and biological properties of the hybrids were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). In vitro/ in vivo studies of antibacterial and wound healing efficiencies for the prepared gels on injured mice skins were also investigated. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposites have performed against gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). For CHT blend/ TiO2, FT-IR results of the three different amounts of nano metal oxide (0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) g integrated with chitosan blend showed that an active site for the adsorption of organic/ inorganic composites is assumed to be occurred. FESEM analyses delivered irregular nanostructured shapes with increasing the amount of the nano metal oxide. Their thermal properties have showed continuous decomposition at elevated temperatures around 700 °C with weight change percentages of 68.5%, 43.6%, and 55%, respectively. They have revealed desirable gram positive antibacterial products with a majority effectiveness for 0.04g TiO2 nanocomposite. They have exhibited desirable gram negative antibacterial effectiveness rather than that against gram positive bacteria. For the second hybrid doped with MgO nanopowder, FT-IR findings have presented an evidence of bonding occurrence between CHT blend with Mg+2 . The surface morphology of the three hybrids have displayed porous surfaces with many encapsulated features for MgO 0.04g and MgO 0.08g , while MgO 0.06g showed a semi-smooth surface with granular shapes instead. An obvious decrease in weight loss was detected in CHT blend/ MgO nanocomposite hydrogels with increasing quantity of the metal oxide nanopowder which is an indication of improving their thermal stability. The antibacterial investigations denoted that hybridization CHT blend with various weights of MgO nanopowder اhave not exhibited a significant antibacterial efficiency against gram negative strains as compared to gram positive strains. The third modification process was integrating CHT blend with variety masses of ZnO nanopowder (0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) g. FT-IR results indicated that nanometal oxide had chemically interacted with chitosan by bonding with (-O-C-) rather than being just a physical saturation into the polymeric matrix. Homogeneous and relatively smooth surfaces were detected by studying the morphology properties of the prepared gels due to appropriate compatibility and encapsulation ability of polymeric compounds with the added ZnO nanoparticles. It could be infered that the thermal stability of the prepared ZnO nanocomposites did not evidently affect by increasing ZnO quantity, to some extent, for the selected weights in this study. The achieved bacterial asseys clarified that the antibacterial efficacy of CHT blend has enhanced with extra amount of ZnO nanopowders for the both types of the above mentioned bacteria. The proposed application of this work is to create an attractive product for wound healing could be used for human health care. Consequently, dual/ triple-hybrid systems have been adopted by integrating TiO2/ MgO, TiO2/ ZnO, MgO/ ZnO, and TiO2/ MgO/ ZnO nanocomposites. Structural, morphological, and thermal properties of all these systems will be demonstrated. In addition to analyze their water absorption, antibacterial, and in vivo effects. Eventually, the wound contraction was accelerated by treating the injured skin with a ternary-hybrid system within a period of less than a week with no toxicity up to concentration of 011 µg/ml on WRL-68 cell line. All the parameters observed (presence of necrotic tissue, clotting and crust, re-epithelialization and granulation tissue growth) were affected; suggesting that chitosan and the metals oxides nanoparticles have a substantial efficiency in tissue regeneration. This is an indication to collagen maturation progress. Based on the results, the previously mentioned hybrid will be a promising nontoxic biomaterial for wound treatment application. The in vivo model revealed that the novel composite of CHT/ PVA/ PEG blend hybridized with the three different types of the suggested metals oxides have superior curing effect as compared to Fucidin ointment.

Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used for the construction of removable partial or complete dentures. This materials is frequently used because it has various advantages. In spite of its advantages, PMMA has several limitations, one of these disadvantages is its poor mechanical properties that causes denture base to break easily. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural sisal fibers, micro sisal powder and Nano sisal powder on the mechanical properties) and physical properties of denture base materials. The present study was design to make (560) specimens and divided into seven groups depended on the form and concentrations of reinforcing materials, the first group for control group (without additives) and other groups for sisal fibers, micro powder and Nano powder, each groups further subdivided into seven subgroups for the experimental test (impact strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, surface hardness, surface roughness, thermal conductivity and water sorption and solubility test) . Statistical analysis of data was performed using descriptive and interfacial statistics. Data was considered statistically significant at level of < 0.05. FTIR results showed a chemical changes have occurred after treatment. A new absorption band was developed after sialne treatment. Results showed a highly significant increase in impact strength of composite of PMMA/ sisal fibers as compared with control groups, yet there was no significant effect in impact strength of micro and Nano powder reinforced PMMA. Interestingly significant increase was observed in flexural strength for groups of micro and Nano powder reinforced PMMA groups, yet non-significant in flexural strength of specimens reinforced with sisal fibers. Clear increase was noticed in tensile strength mean values of all specimens reinforced with sisal fibers, micro powder and Nano powder as compared with control group. Reinforcement of PMMA with micro sisal powder result in increase in surface roughness and decrease in surface hardness. The incorporation of Nano sisal powder into resin result in decrease in surface hardness and surface roughness. The addition of sisal fibers into PMMA resulted in non-significant differences in surface properties. Thermal conductivity decreased at (5% and 10%) wt of sisal fibers. Non- significant effect in thermal conductivity of specimens reinforced with micro and Nano powder. A statistically highly increase in water sorption and solubility of all specimens reinforced with sisal fibers, micro powder and Nano powder.

Building materials and technologies in the world have evolved in line with the new requirements for construction, which have spread throughout the world to reduce damage to the environment and reduce energy consumption, and rely on renewable energy sources. This work was prepared at identifying the possibility of using Foamed concrete. The mechanical and physical properties of this concrete were investigated compared with normal concrete. Two types of foams were used to prepare the foam concrete to obtain high quality with target density was nearly 1600kg/m3. The standard samples were designed by employing two types of foaming agent (FA), the first one is commercially named (EABSSOC foam agent, FA) while the second is the foam of detergent liquid (D). The added foam percentage was (1 and 0.8) wt. % to fabricate the foam concrete. Glass fibers, silica fume were used as synthetic fillers with proportion 1, 3, 5 wt. % of cement. The using recycled materials such as glass powder; rubber waste was utilized as recycled fillers with different ratios. The amounts of rubber waste and glass powder used as additive in foam concrete were 1, 3, 5 wt. % of rubber waste and 1, 0.7 wt. % of glass powder. The 624 samples were prepared according to the standard specifications of each tests. The fresh tests included (flow test and setting time). Some mechanical and physical properties tests were performed including (compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, thermal conductivity, porosity, water absorption, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Acoustic Impedance (AI) and Scanning Electron microscope (SEM). All samples were cured in (water, air) for various durations included (7,14 and 28) days. The results showed that the perfect composition which involved 1wt. % of (D) gave higher values of the compressive and flexural strength (F.S), splitting tensile strength compared to the samples that involved 1,0.8wt. % of foam agent (FA). It is obvious that the addition of foam to the cement mortar paste imparts great characteristics as lightweight with flowability. The mechanical properties were decreased with increasing the percentage of foam agent (FA) and detergent (D) of the mixture design. Foam concrete reinforced with 1wt. %glass fiber Abstract II (GF), silica fume (SF), rubber waste (RW) and 0.7wt. % glass powder (GP) with 0.8wt% detergent (D) have the better compressive strength, flexural strength (F.S) and splitting tensile strength then that samples which contained the same percentage of reinforcement with 0.8wt. % foam agent(FA). The results showed that FA sample records the lower bulk density compared to the (D) sample. It is found that the best value of thermal insulation is equal (0.42668 W/m. ºC) for the sample contained 1wt.% FA and (0.4096 W/m. ºC) of 1wt.%FA+1wt.% glass powder(GP), while the sample of 0.8wt.%FA with enhancement 3wt.%glass fibers (GF) gave (0.5583 W/m. ºC) but the other additive 5wt.% silica fume (SF) recorded (0.60047W/m.ºC). The porosity was improved with decreased (FA) content and the increasing of addition of glass powder, glass fiber, rubber waste lead to decrease the porosity value, but it increases with increasing the content of glass fibers of 0.8wt.% (D) sample. The best ultrasonic pulse velocity and acoustic impedance values were obtained for the samples cured at 28days into air and water. It can be concluded for that the values of (UPV) (AI) increased with increasing FA to 1wt. % and also when the content of FA and D decreased to 0.8wt. % with reinforcement 1wt. % of GP, SF, RW and 1,5wt. % of GF. The foam concrete samples that contain 1,0.8 wt.% FA and after adding 1wt.%GP, GF, RW and 5wt.% SF have lowest values of water absorption than that contain of detergent sample. Hybrid reinforcement was prepared by mixing 1wt.% of GF and SF together and then it was added to each sample of 0.8wt.%FA and D respectively. It is noticed that the properties of hybrid (FA)concrete are lower than the properties of hybrid (D) concrete, but the first recorded better thermal insulation and the lowest water absorption values. Finally, the finding of this study is encouraging to use the reinforced foamed concrete with some additives and recycled waste for some applications such as thermal and acoustic insulation purposes, non-structural section, floor leveling and filling of voids.

Yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline/Alumina (3Y-TZP/Al2O3) - glass composite were prepared by adopting a new method (melt-infiltration process) to preparing ceramic composite bodies for technical and medical applications, most notably the dental industry such as crowns and bridges. First of all, two groups of cylindrical porous (Zirconia-Alumina) composite specimens were prepared using two weight percentages of nano alumina Additives (10 and 20 wt.%) through powder compaction method. A graphite powder (0,10,20,30 and 40 wt.%) was added as an additive to produce porous Alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ). The composite specimens were sintered in air at 1500 °C for 1:30 hrs. followed by glass infiltration method. Glass powder mixture was prepared by mixing 18%wt lithium hydroxide with 72 wt. % feldspar, and 10 wt.% Nano titanium dioxide. The glass slurry prepared from glass powder and water has been uniformly pasted by a brush on the surface of sintered porous alumina toughened zirconia specimen, then dried in oven at 50 ºC. Specimens then heated in an electric furnace in air at 1185 ºC for 2hrs. the melted glass infiltrated into the porous matrix by capillarity action. The glass application on specimens was repeated 5 times so that glass penetrated through higher amount of porosities. The total 10 ATZ specimens where tested before and after glass infiltration. The effect of porosity on Physical, mechanical, structural and surface properties have been investigated before glass infiltration. The results showed that porosity and water absorption increased while bulk density decreased with the increase of graphite additives. The Linear firing shrinkage of ATZ specimens was increased with decreasing porosity ranging from 11.2 to 19.16 % for 3Y-TZP/10 wt.% Al2O3 and from 8.12 to 16.2% for 3Y-TZP/20wt.% Al2O3 specimens. The elastic modulus and diametrical strength values decreased with increasing porosity, these values ranged from 141 to 24 GPa and from 50.3 to 7.1 MPa respectively for 3Y-TZP/Al2O3 while for 3Y-TZP/20 wt.% specimens these values ranged from 159.6 to 27.2 GPa and 74.7 to 8.7 MPa respectively. XRD test performed for structural analysis of ATZ Page | XIV specimens. It showed that as porosity increased the crystallite size.. AFM test was used to determine ,Grain size and roughness of ATZ specimens. The results showed increment in grain size and roughness with increasing porosity content, and decreament with increasing alumina additive. Another physical, mechanical and microstructural tested were performed after glass infiltrated into porous ATZ specimen .Linear firing shrinkage values have been calculated, it was found that shrinkage values ranged between (0.12-0.53)%. Young modulus and diametrical strength values also calculated. These values were (183-95GPa) and (57-24.3MPa) respectively for 3Y-TZP/10wt.% Al2O3 while it shows higher values for 3Y-TZP/20 wt.%Al2O3 (195-109 GPa) and (80.1-26.7 MPa) respectively. Microhardness indentation test was used to determine hardness and fracture toughness of ATZ-Glass specimens, the results showed that hardness value decreased with increasing in alumina additives. The fracture toughness also calculated from the parameters obtained by microhardness test, fracture toughness values wereranged from (0.53 to 1.03 MPa .m1/2) for 3Y-TZP/10 wt.% Al2O3 and it increased forTZP/10 wt.% Al2O3 s from (0.53-1.54) MPa . The enhancing of ATZ properties by infiltrating A lithium silicate glass into the structure of porous ATZ was demonstrated in this work. Glass infiltration led to the removal of surface defects andflaws, thereby improves the reliability of the specimen. the increment percentage of strength depends on porosity content in ATZ before infiltration. The advantage of adding glass through glass infiltration process summarized by obtaining materials distribution in low temperature below 1200 °C, with preserving the final structure without deformation.

The lithium metasilicate glass-ceramic Li2SiO3 was prepared from glass binary system Li2O-SiO2 with composition percentages 45 wt% Li2O and 55 wt% SiO2 which is a eutectic non-stoichiometric mixture. The preparation technology method of lithium metasilicate glass-ceramic was the powder method. The nano-frit was produced with melting – quenching method by melt the glass batch in the platinum crucible (90Pt – 10Rh) at 1195 OC for 2 hr. The glass melton was quenched in cold water at temperature 3OC and then the produced frit was milled by agate mortar. Once again, these steps were repeated for more homogeneity of the produced nano-frit. Four groups of glass-ceramic were prepared, in each group included five specimens. The weight for every specimen was 0.5 g with dimensions 10 diameter × 2.5 thickness mm formed by biaxial pressing at 5 ton pressure for 30 sec. The change in temperatures of the heat treatment as indicating 750, 800, 850, 900, and 950OC at constant time equal to 4 hr was studied in the GLS-C group. Also the change in time of the heat treatment as indicating 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hrs at constant temperature equal to 800OC was studied in the GLS-H group. These two groups were formed without any addition of the nucleating agents. Two types of nucleating agents were added to the nano-frit and studied their effects at constant temperature 800OC and time 4 hrs of the heat treatment. The changes in addition percentage of P2O5 as indicating 4, 7, 11, 14, and 18 wt% as the first type of nucleating agent were studied in the group GLSp. The second type of nucleating agent was a mixture of P2O5 and TiO2 with addition percentages in wt% as follows: 3 P2O5+ 1 TiO2, 5.25 P2O5+ 1.75 TiO2, 8.25 P2O5+ 2.75 TiO2, 10.5 P2O5+ 3.5 TiO2, and 13.5 P2O5+ 4.5 TiO2 were investigated in the group GLSpt. The investigations about the change effect on the four parameters mentioned above had been done such as XRD, AFM, FESEM, bulk density, volume shrinkage, and loss of ignition. Two software were used, one for structural analysis as abbreviated name EXPGUI within software system GASA used for refinement and calculate the percentages of crystalline phases and glass phase. The other was Image J 5.2i software used for calculation of mass fraction and density for the crystalline phases within the glass-ceramic. All the investigations appeared the crystalline phase's formation within the nano-frit. The best results were the highest value of the crystalline phase density (CPD) and a mass fraction (MF) equal to 910 No/mm2 and 11% respectively at a heat treatment temperature of 950OC. The highest value of the bulk density and volume shrinkage was 1.95 g/cm3 and 19.7% respectively also at a heat treatment temperature of 950OC. The lowest value of loss of ignition (LOI) was 13% at nucleating agent percentage 3% P2O5+1% TiO2 equal to 4%. The best parameters were obtained a desired quantity of the crystalline phases, bulk density, high volume shrinkage, and low LOI were temperature 950OC, time 6 hrs of the heat treatment, and nucleating agent percentage 3 wt% P2O5+1 wt% TiO2. Four glass-ceramic specimens were prepared according to the above best parameters and the same composition 45 wt% Li2O and 55 wt% SiO2. One with 0% CuO addition LSGC and the rest with 1 wt% LC1S, 2 wt% LC2S, and 3 wt% LC3S of CuO addition. The specimens formed compact discs with dimensions 18 diameter × 2.58 thickness mm by the same previous method. The breakdown voltage test was done executed at 10 different spots in each specimen and Weibull modulus was used to know the homogeneity of dielectric strength property. It got a good match between Weibull modulus results and FESEM images which indicating that Weibull modulus is the active tool that can be used for knowing the homogeneity of any property. The high average dielectric strength is 9.116 kV/mm for LC1S while the lowest average dielectric strength is 7.101 kV/mm for LSGC. The high value of Weibull modulus is 9.0792 for LC2S which means good homogeneity for the dielectric strength while the lowest Weibull modulus value is 4.0932 (lower homogeneity) for LSGC.

The present work aimed to study the chemical crosslinking effect by using glutaraldehyde (GA) at various weight ratios (5, 8, and 10) % on the biological, mechanical, thermal, structural, and physical properties of polyvinyl alcohol/starch (PVA/St) blends, poly(vinyl alcohol)/ poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA/PEG) blends, and (PVA/St/PEG) blend films. PVA/St, and PVA/PEG blends at different ratios (25, 30, 35, 40, and 50) wt % of St and PEG as well as PVA/St/PEG ternary blend at (12.5/12.5) wt% of St/PEG were prepared by conventional solvent casting technique. The results of mechanical properties verified a decrease in the ultimate tensile strength with St and PEG ratios increase. The highest tensile strength was (28.2 MPa) for (PVA/ 25 wt% St), (20.95 MPa) for (PVA/25 wt% PEG), and (32.87 MPa) for (PVA/St/PEG), also with increasing GA from (5) to (10) %, the value of tensile strength of crosslinked (PVA/25% St) blends, (PVA/25% PEG) blends, and ternary blends increased from (33-41.19 MPa), (26.66-35.15 MPa), and (38-42.5MPa) respectively compared to PVA and its blend before crosslinking, while the elongation at break % decreased for all blends before and after crosslinking. FTIR results proved that the possibility of PVA and starch, as well as PVA and PEG, can interact physically with one another and formation of H-bond in the films which may increase the compatibility of the components. Also, it showed a chemical cross-linking reaction that happens between (PVA/St) blend and glutaraldehyde. DSC results demonstrated that PVA had glass transition temperature Tg (83oC), and a sharp maximum endothermic peak at (224oC) due to a melting transition (Tm), while starch had Tg (85 oC) and Tm (130 oC), also PEG had Tg (52 oC) and Tm (172 oC). One Tg value was found for PVA, St, PEG, (25, and 30) wt% of St blends, and (25, and 30) wt% of PEG blends owing to a good blend miscibility whereas, two Tg values were found for (35,40,50) wt% St, (35, 40, 50) wt% PEG and ternary blend owing to blend immiscibility. Also, it elucidated an increase in Tg, and reduction in Tm of (PVA/St) blends but a decrease in Tg, and a reduction in Tm of (PVA/PEG) blends as compared to the pure PVA. Abstract In thermogravimetric analysis "TGA", the weight loss happened in three stages of all blends, while in starch and 50 wt% PEG, it occurred in two stages and one stage in PEG. The water absorption outcomes proved that there was an increase in swelling ratios with increasing starch and PEG ratio as a function of time. The lowest swelling ratio was for PVA, whereas the PVA/St (50/50 wt/wt %) and PVA/PEG (50/50 wt/wt %) had the highest values. The swelling behavior of the crosslinked polymer blends samples was investigated in several media, including neutral, acidic, and alkaline (pH7.3, pH2 and pH5.5, and PH8), as well as distilled water. The swelling ratio of the crosslinked polymer blends increased with the pH buffers increase as (pH8 > pH7.3 > distilled water> pH5.5> pH2), and the water absorption of all blends decreased with increasing GA concentration because of an increase in crosslinking in the polymers blends. The rate of the release of drug in pH7 was more than that of pH2. FESEM results indicated that the (PVA/25 wt% St) blend and (PVA/25 wt% PEG) blend had a nearly homogeneous and smooth surface with some voids and with no signs of phase separation. The (PVA/25 wt% St) blend+10 %GA and (PVA/ 25 wt% PEG) blend+10% GA samples offered less homogeneity with one another, and an apparent phase separation took place. The PVA/St/PEG ternary blend image manifested that non-uniform surface and there some aggregates of St and PEG in the PVA matrix. While, many irregular aggregates were detected on the surface of the (PVA/St/PEG) blend +10% GA sample. It can be observed from the phase structures of (PVA/25wt % PEG) blend with 10% GA and 150 mg of Erythromycin drug that there is a much lesser agglomeration of PEG particles and also a very little formation of voids due to the drug. Cytoxicity test results evinced that there are good viability percentages; therefore there is no toxic effect of blends on the WRL 68 cells. The current study proved that the prepared crosslinked samples (PVA/25%St, and PVA/25% PEG blends) could be used for drug delivery applications.